Effects of sand on the cement laterite interlocking blocks

Abstract

In recent years, the attention of most researchers is shifting towards the optimization of building materials by using local contents, the use of indigenous materials, and local industrial by-products unique and abundant in certain localities. This study investigates the effect of sand utilised in cement–laterite interlocking block production in Ghana. Cement-laterite interlocking blocks were made with lateritic soil replacement with conventional fine aggregate from 0% to 25% by weight with Hydraform interlocking block moulding machine. Cement-laterite interlocking blocks without sand (0%) served as control. The blocks produced were tested to determine their density, compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, erosion and EDS/SEM properties. The average density of cement-laterite interlocking blocks indicated that as the curing days increase the density decreases alongside for each percentage of sand content decreases. The results of both the compressive and tensile strength were almost the same because only 5% sand replacement achieved the maximum strength above the 0% (control level) and the rest were below the control level or 0% from 7 days to 28 days curing period. Water absorption test results after 28 days curing period increased as the sand percentages increased. Erosion test result after 28 days curing period showed increase erodability as the sand percentages increased. The EDS results test indicated he chemical elements of the block such as O, Ca, Si, Al, and Fe. Lastly, the SEM images of the various percentages of sand showed some pores present in the cement–laterite interlocking blocks. Therefore, it can be concluded that the sand replacement interlocking laterite blocks have the potential of supporting the affordable housing concept in Ghana. The study recommends 5% sand replacement of laterite in producing cement–laterite interlocking blocks.