Abstract:
This study investigated the effects of two mostly improvised chemical additives, calcium carbide and lambda super 2.5 EC (LSEC), on the physico�chemical and microbial characteristics of faecal sludge from toilets. The quality of faecal sludge was assessed before and after application of the chemical additives in an experimental setup of ten different treatment units including a control, and treatment replicates. The initial characteristic of the faecal sludge was slightly acidic with high content of slowly degradable organic matter. The experimental control without additives after 30 days showed reduction in BOD5, COD, helminth eggs and sludge mass by a maximum of 30%, 34.7%, 99.8% and 55% respectively. Similarly, calcium carbide additive reduced the BOD5, COD, helminth eggs and the mass of the faecal sludge by 47.4%, 48.3%, 99.6% and 61% respectively. Also, LSEC additive reduced BOD5, COD, helminth eggs and the mass of the sludge by 40.6%, 47.9%, 95.9% and 58% respectively. The two additives showed significant treatment effect on the faecal sludge although the level of treatment could not meet the regulatory discharge limits for the key quality parameters assessed including sanitisation. The study is still a grey area and more research is recommended to enrich the findings. � 2020 The Author(s)Environmental engineering; Environmental health; Environmental management; Environmental pollution; Microbiology; Public health; Calcium carbide; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Faecal sludge; Toilet additive; Characterisation; Mass loss; Sanitisation; Public toilet; Biodegradation; Helminth eggs. � 2020 The Author(s)
Description:
Appiah-Effah, E., Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Duku, G.A., Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Dwumfour-Asare, B., Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation Education, University of Education Winneba, Asante�Mampong Campus, Ghana; Manu, I., Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Nyarko, K.B., Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana